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Nutrient prepared and served in a small amount of time

Fast food is a type of mass-produced food designed for commercial resale and with a strong priority placed on "speed of service" versus other relevant factors involved in culinary science. Fast food was created every bit a commercial strategy to arrange the larger numbers of busy commuters, travelers and wage workers who frequently did not have the time to sit down at a public house or diner and wait for their meal. By making the speed of service the priority, this ensured that customers with strictly express time (a commuter stopping to procure dinner to bring home to their family, for example, or an hourly laborer on a short dejeuner break) were non inconvenienced past waiting for their food to be cooked on-the-spot (as is expected from a traditional "sit downwardly" eating house). In 2018, the fast food industry was worth an estimated $570 billion globally.[1]

The fastest form of "fast food" consists of pre-cooked meals kept in readiness for a customer'southward inflow (Boston Market rotisserie craven, Footling Caesars pizza, etc.), with waiting fourth dimension reduced to mere seconds. Other fast food outlets, primarily the hamburger outlets (McDonald'south, Burger King, etc.) utilize mass-produced pre-prepared ingredients (bagged buns and condiments, frozen beef patties, vegetables which are prewashed, pre-sliced, or both; etc.) but the hamburgers and french fries are always cooked fresh (or at least relatively recently) and assembled "to society" (like at a diner).

Although a wide variety of food can be "cooked fast", "fast nutrient" is a commercial term-limited to food sold in a eating house or shop with frozen, preheated or precooked ingredients and served to the customer in a packaged form for have-out/take-abroad.

Fast nutrient restaurants are traditionally distinguished by their ability to serve food via a bulldoze-through. Outlets may exist stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating,[ii] or fast food restaurants (as well known as quick service restaurants).[3] Franchise operations that are function of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each eating house from fundamental locations.[iv]

Fast food began with the beginning fish and chip shops in Uk in the 1860s.[ commendation needed ] Bulldoze-through restaurants were showtime popularized in the 1950s in the United States. The term "fast food" was recognized in a lexicon by Merriam–Webster in 1951.[ citation needed ]

Eating fast food has been linked to, amidst other things, cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer, obesity, loftier cholesterol, insulin resistance conditions and low.[v] [half dozen] [seven] [eight] [9] Controlling for other diet and lifestyle confounders of fast food consumers oft doesn't attenuate these associations and it sometimes strengthens the clan betwixt fast nutrient consumption and mortality.[ten] Many fast foods tend to be loftier in saturated fatty, sugar, salt and calories.[xi]

The traditional family dinner is increasingly existence replaced by the consumption of takeaway fast food. As a result, the time invested on food preparation is getting lower, with an boilerplate woman in the Usa spending 47 minutes per day preparing food and the average man spending 19 minutes per mean solar day in 2013.[12]

History

Pulling wheat dough into thin strands to form lamian

The concept of set up-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban developments. Homes in emerging cities often lacked acceptable space or proper food training accoutrements. Additionally, procuring cooking fuel could cost as much as purchased produce. Frying foods in vats of searing oil proved equally dangerous equally it was expensive. Homeowners feared that a rogue cooking fire "might easily conflagrate an entire neighborhood".[13] Thus, urbanites were encouraged to purchase pre-prepared meats or starches, such as bread or noodles, whenever possible. In Ancient Rome, cities had street stands – a large counter with a receptacle in the middle from which food or drink would have been served.[14] It was during post-WWII American economic boom that Americans began to spend more and buy more as the economy boomed and a civilization of consumerism bloomed. As a result of this new want to have it all, coupled with the strides made past women while the men were abroad, both members of the household began to work outside the habitation. Eating out, which had previously been considered a luxury, became a common occurrence, so a necessity. Workers, and working families, needed quick service and cheap food for both lunch and dinner.

Pre-industrial Former World

In the cities of Roman artifact, much of the urban population living in insulae, multi-story apartment blocks, depended on food vendors for much of their meal; the Forum itself served every bit a marketplace where Romans could buy broiled goods and cured meats.[15] In the mornings, staff of life soaked in wine was eaten as a quick snack and cooked vegetables and stews subsequently in popina, a unproblematic type of eating establishment.[sixteen] In Asia, twelfth century Chinese ate fried dough, soups and stuffed buns, all of which however exist as contemporary snack food.[17] Their Baghdadi contemporaries supplemented dwelling house-cooked meals with processed legumes, purchased starches, and even set-to-consume meats.[18] During the Middle Ages, large towns and major urban areas such as London and Paris supported numerous vendors that sold dishes such equally pies, pasties, flans, waffles, wafers, pancakes and cooked meats. Equally in Roman cities during artifact, many of these establishments catered to those who did not have ways to melt their own food, specially unmarried households. Unlike richer town dwellers, many ofttimes could non afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied on fast nutrient. Travelers such equally pilgrims en route to a holy site, were among the customers.[xix]

United Kingdom

In areas with access to littoral or tidal waters, 'fast nutrient' frequently included local shellfish or seafood, such as oysters or, every bit in London, eels. Often this seafood was cooked direct on the quay or close past.[20] The development of trawler fishing in the mid-nineteenth century led to the evolution of a British favourite, fish and chips, and the first store in 1860.[21]

A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market place marks the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries.[21] As a inexpensive fast nutrient served in a wrapper, fish and chips became a stock meal amidst the Victorian working classes.[21] By 1910, in that location were more 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, and in the 1920s there were more than 35,000 shops.[22] Harry Ramsden's fast food restaurant chain opened its first fish and scrap shop in Guiseley, West Yorkshire in 1928. On a single 24-hour interval in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the Guinness Book of Records.[23]

British fast food had considerable regional variation. Sometimes the regionality of a dish became part of the culture of its respective area, such as the Cornish pasty and deep-fried Mars bar. The content of fast nutrient pies has varied, with poultry (such equally chickens) or wildfowl normally being used. Since the 2nd Earth War, turkey has been used more frequently in fast nutrient.[24] The United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland has adopted fast nutrient from other cultures likewise, such as pizza, doner kebab, and curry. More than recently, healthier alternatives to conventional fast food accept likewise emerged.

United States

As automobiles became popular and more affordable post-obit World War I, drive-in restaurants were introduced. The American company White Castle, founded past Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson in Wichita, Kansas in 1921, is mostly credited with opening the 2d fast food outlet and outset hamburger concatenation, selling hamburgers for 5 cents each.[25] Walter Anderson had built the first White Castle restaurant in Wichita in 1916, introducing the express carte du jour, high-volume, low-cost, loftier-speed hamburger eating place.[26] Among its innovations, the company allowed customers to see the food beingness prepared. White Castle was successful from its inception and spawned numerous competitors.

Franchising was introduced in 1921 past A&W Root Beer, which franchised its distinctive syrup. Howard Johnson's first franchised the restaurant concept in the mid-1930s, formally standardizing menus, signage and ad.[26]

Curb service was introduced in the belatedly 1920s and was mobilized in the 1940s when carhops strapped on roller skates.[27]

The Us has the largest fast nutrient industry in the globe, and American fast food restaurants are located in over 100 countries. Approximately 5.4 million U.S. workers are employed in the areas of food preparation and food servicing, including fast food in the US every bit of 2018.[28] Worries of an obesity epidemic and its related illnesses take inspired many local authorities officials in the United states of america to propose to limit or regulate fast-food restaurants. Yet, US adults are unwilling to change their fast food consumption even in the face of rising costs and unemployment characterized by the great recession, suggesting an inelastic demand.[29] However, some areas are more than affected than others. In Los Angeles Canton, for instance, about 45% of the restaurants in Due south Central Los Angeles are fast-food chains or restaurants with minimal seating. By comparison, only sixteen% of those on the Westside are such restaurants.[30]

Working conditions

The National Employment Constabulary Project wrote in 2013, "co-ordinate to a study by researchers at the Academy of California-Berkeley, more than half (52 pct) of front-line fast-food workers must rely on at to the lowest degree i public assist programme to support their families. As a result, the fast-food-manufacture business model of low wages, non-existent benefits, and limited work hours costs taxpayers an boilerplate of almost $7 billion every year". They claim this funding allows these workers to "beget wellness care, food, and other basic necessities".[31] [32]

On the become

Fast food outlets are take-away or accept-out providers that promise quick service. Such fast nutrient outlets oft come with a "drive-through" service that lets customers club and pick up food from their vehicles. Others have indoor or outdoor seating areas where customers tin eat on-site. The boom in IT services has allowed customers to club nutrient from their homes through their smartphone apps in contempo times.

Well-nigh from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eaten "on the become," often does not require traditional cutlery, and is eaten as a finger food. Common carte du jour items at fast food outlets include fish and fries, sandwiches, pitas, hamburgers, fried craven, french fries, onion rings, chicken nuggets, tacos, pizza, hot dogs, and ice cream, though many fast food restaurants offer "slower" foods like chili, mashed potatoes, and salads.

Filling stations

Convenience stores located within many petrol/gas stations sell pre-packaged sandwiches, doughnuts, and hot food. Many gas stations in the United States and Europe too sell frozen foods, and have microwave ovens on the premises in which to prepare them. Petrol Stations in Australia sell foods such every bit hot pies, sandwiches, and chocolate bars, which are piece of cake for a customer to access while on their journey. Petrol stations are a place that are often open up long hours and are open before and afterwards store trading hours, therefore, it makes it easy to access for consumers.

Street vendors and concessions

Street vendor serving fast food in Nepal

Traditional street food is available around the globe, usually through small and independent vendors operating from a cart, table, portable grill or motor vehicle. Mutual examples include Vietnamese rice soup vendors, Middle Eastern falafel stands, New York City hot canis familiaris carts, and taco trucks. Turo-Turo vendors (Tagalog for betoken betoken) are a feature of Philippine life. Commonly, street vendors provide a colorful and varying range of options designed to obsess passers-by and attract as much attention every bit possible quickly.

Multiple street vendors may specialize in specific types of nutrient; typically, they are characteristic of a given cultural or ethnic tradition depending on the locale. In some cultures, information technology is typical for street vendors to call out prices, sing or chant sales-pitches, play music, or engage in other forms of "street theatrics" to engage prospective customers. In some cases, this tin can garner more attention than the food.[ commendation needed ]

Cuisine

Modernistic commercial fast food is often highly candy and prepared in an industrial way, i.e., on a large scale with standard ingredients and standardized cooking and production methods.[33] It is ordinarily rapidly served in cartons or bags or in plastic wrapping, in a fashion that minimizes cost. In almost fast food operations, card items are mostly made from processed ingredients prepared at a central supply facility and and so shipped to individual outlets where they are reheated, cooked (usually past microwave or deep frying) or assembled in a short amount of fourth dimension. This procedure ensures a consistent level of production quality. It is key to being able to deliver the order quickly to the client and eliminate labor and equipment costs in the individual stores.

Because of commercial emphasis on quickness, uniformity and depression toll, fast food products are often fabricated with ingredients formulated to attain a certain flavor or consistency and to preserve freshness.

Variants

Many types of sushi ready to eat

Chinese takeaways/takeout restaurants are particularly popular in Western countries such equally the US and UK. They usually offer a wide diverseness of Asian food (non e'er Chinese), which has commonly been fried. Almost options are some form of noodles, rice, or meat. In some cases, the food is presented every bit a smörgåsbord, sometimes self service. The customer chooses the size of the container they wish to purchase, and so is complimentary to fill it with their choice of food. Information technology is common to combine several options in one container, and some outlets charge by weight rather than past item. In large cities, these restaurants may offer costless delivery for purchases over a minimum corporeality.

Sushi has seen speedily rising popularity recently in the Western world. A form of fast nutrient created in Nippon (where bentō is the Japanese variety of fast food), sushi is commonly common cold sticky rice flavored with a sweet rice vinegar and served with some topping (oft fish), or, as in the almost popular kind in the West, rolled in nori (dried laver) with filling. The filling oft includes fish, seafood, chicken or cucumber.

Pizza is a common fast food category in the United States, with nationwide chains including Papa John's, Domino's Pizza, Sbarro and Pizza Hut. It trails only the burger industry in supplying children's fast food calories.[34] Menus are more limited and standardized than in traditional pizzerias, and pizza delivery is offered.

Kebab houses are a form of fast food restaurant from the Heart Eastward, especially Turkey and Lebanon. Meat is shaven from a rotisserie, and is served on a warmed flatbread with salad and a option of sauce and dressing. These doner kebabs or shawarmas are singled-out from shish kebabs served on sticks. Kebab shops are besides found throughout the globe, especially Europe, New Zealand and Australia only they by and large are less common in the US.

Fish and scrap shops are a form of fast food popular in the Uk, Australia and New Zealand. Fish is battered then deep fried, and served with deep-fried white potato strips.[35]

The Dutch take their ain types of fast food. A Dutch fast food meal often consists of a portion of french fries (chosen friet or patat) with a sauce and a meat product. The most mutual sauce to accompany french fries is fritessaus. Information technology is a sweet, vinegary and low fat mayonnaise substitute, that the Dutch notwithstanding nevertheless call "mayonnaise". When ordering it is very often abbreviated to met (literally "with"). Other popular sauces are ketchup or spiced ketchup ("curry"), Indonesian style peanut sauce ("satésaus" or "pindasaus") or piccalilli. Sometimes the fries are served with combinations of sauces, virtually famously speciaal (special): mayonnaise, with (spiced) ketchup and chopped onions; and oorlog (literally "war"): mayonnaise and peanut sauce (sometimes as well with ketchup and chopped onions). The meat production is commonly a deep fried snack; this includes the frikandel (a deep fried skinless minced meat sausage), and the kroket (deep fried meat ragout covered in breadcrumbs).

In Portugal, there are some varieties of local fast-food and restaurants specialized in this type of local cuisine. Some of the virtually popular foods include frango assado (Piri-piri grilled chicken previously marinated), francesinha, francesinha poveira, espetada (turkey or pork meat on 2 sticks) and bifanas (pork cutlets in a specific sauce served equally a sandwich). This blazon of food is too often served with french chips (called batatas fritas), some international bondage started appearing specialized in some of the typical Portuguese fast food such every bit Nando's.

An example of a local class of fast nutrient in Poland is pasztecik szczeciński, a deep-fried yeast dough stuffed with meat or vegetarian filling, typical fast food dish of the city of Szczecin well known in many other cities in the country. A dish is on Smoothen Listing of traditional products. The first bar serving pasztecik szczeciński, Bar "Pasztecik" founded in 1969, is located on Wojska Polskiego Avenue 46 in Szczecin.

A fixture of Due east Asian cities is the noodle shop. Flatbread and falafel are today ubiquitous in the Middle East. Popular Indian fast food dishes include vada pav, panipuri and dahi vada. In the French-speaking nations of West Africa, roadside stands in and effectually the larger cities continue to sell—as they have done for generations—a range of ready-to-eat, char-grilled meat sticks known locally as brochettes (not to be dislocated with the staff of life snack of the aforementioned name establish in Europe)

Business

In the U.s.a., consumers spent $160 billion on fast nutrient in 2012 (up from $six billion in 1970).[36] [37] In 2013, the U.s.a. eating place industry had total projected sales of $660.v billion.[38] Fast food has been losing market share to fast coincidental dining restaurants, which offer more robust and expensive cuisines.[39] Due to this competition, fast nutrient giants have seen dramatic drops in their sales.[xl] While overall fast food sales accept fallen, the number of Americans who consume in these restaurants "once a month or 'a few times a year'" has risen.[40]

In dissimilarity to the rest of the world, American citizens spend a much smaller corporeality of their income on food — largely due to various authorities subsidies that make fast food cheap and easily accessible.[41] Calorie for calorie, foods sold in fast food restaurants, costs less and is more energy-dense, and is made more often than not of products that the government subsidizes heavily: corn, soy, and beef.[42]

The Australian fast nutrient market is valued at more than than ii.7 billion GPB and is equanimous of 1.four billion fast nutrient meals. This includes meals serviced at 17,000 fast nutrient outlets. The fast food market has experienced an average annual growth rate of six.5 percent, which is the most rapidly growing sector of the retail food marketplace.[43]

Ad

In 2012, fast food restaurants spent roughly US$four.6 billion on advertising campaigns, which represented an eight% increase from 2009. In the aforementioned period of time, McDonald'southward spent nearly three times as much on advertisement as all water, milk, and produce advertisers spent combined.[44]

A study done by researchers from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College saw results that suggest that when children lookout more commercial television receiver (and see more than advertisements on fast food), they are more inclined to ask to visit these subsequent fast nutrient restaurants.[45] Specifically, fast food restaurants have been increasing their advertising efforts that target Blackness and Hispanic youth.[46] A 2021 report from the Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity indicated that fast-nutrient restaurants spent almost $318 million on Spanish-language TV channels. The same study found that fast-nutrient restaurants spent about $99 1000000 on majority Black viewer TV channels. Black youth groups viewed fast-food advertisements about more than white youth groups.[47] Advertising on Spanish speaking channels increased by 8% in 2012, with KFC and Burger King increasing spending in this demographic by 35% while cut downward on their regular advertisement within English speaking channels.[ citation needed ]

The Quango of Ameliorate Business Bureaus started the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative in 2006 which asked fast food companies to pledge to "advertise only more healthful products to children" with McDonald's and Burger Rex signing on.[45] Even so, despite a slight increment in healthful food advertising, the effectiveness of this initiative has been disputed past studies that reveal that "children couldn't remember or place healthful foods in the ads, and that 81 percent of the 99 three to 7 year olds in that study recalled French fries" fifty-fifty though there were no French fries in the advertisement.[48]

Employment

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 4.one meg U.S. workers are employed in food grooming and serving (including fast food) as of 2010.[28] The BLS's projected job outlook expects average growth and splendid opportunity as a result of high turnover. However, in April 2011, McDonald'south hired approximately 62,000 new workers and received a one thousand thousand applications for those positions—an acceptance rate of half-dozen.2%.[49] The median age of workers in the industry in 2013 was 28.[l] Obtaining Human Resource Management diploma or diploma in Fast Food Management can assistance to become a job in major fast nutrient restaurants since it is one of the about desired.[51] The employment rate for Australians working in the fast nutrient manufacture is increasingly loftier, with 17% of people working inside the fast food sector in Australia.[ citation needed ]

Globalization

In 2006, the global fast-food marketplace grew by iv.8% and reached a value of £102.iv billion and a volume of lxxx.3 billion transactions.[52] McDonald'southward alone, has outlets in 126 countries on 6 continents and operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide.[53]

One example of McDonald's expansion on a global scale was its introduction to the Russian market. In lodge for the American business to succeed it would have to exist accepted and integrated into the daily lives of natives in Moscow. Thus, the eating place was strategically implemented so that its offerings would marshal with the singled-out and established eating habits, too known as the community around food, eating and cooking, of Muscovites. I significant feature of Russian nutrient culture is the emphasis on knowing nigh the locality of appurtenances that are consumed. Substantially, in club to successfully launch this American make in a foreign country, McDonald's interpreted the local interests of consumers in Moscow by promoting the origins of the produce used in the restaurant.[54] On January 31, 1990, McDonald's opened a restaurant in Moscow and bankrupt opening-day records for customers served. The Moscow eating house is the busiest in the world.

The largest McDonald's in the world, with 25,000 feet of play tubes, an arcade and play middle, is located in Orlando, Florida, The states[55] [ clarification needed ]

There are numerous other fast food restaurants located all over the globe. Burger Male monarch has more than than 11,100 restaurants in more than than 65 countries.[56] KFC is located in 25 countries.[57] Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with approximately 39,129 restaurants in 90 countries as of May 2009,[58] the first non-United states of america location opening in December 1984 in Bahrain.[59] Wienerwald has spread from Germany into Asia[60] and Africa.[61] Pizza Hut is located in 97 countries, with 100 locations in China.[62] Taco Bong has 278 restaurants located in fourteen countries besides the United States.[63]

Criticism

Fast-nutrient chains have come under criticism over concerns ranging from claimed negative health effects, alleged animal cruelty, cases of worker exploitation, and claims of cultural degradation via shifts in people's eating patterns away from traditional foods.[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77]

The intake of fast nutrient is increasing worldwide. A written report done in the metropolis of Jeddah has shown that current fast-nutrient habits are related to the increment of overweight and obesity amongst adolescents in Kingdom of saudi arabia.[78] In 2014, the World Health Organization published a study which claims that deregulated nutrient markets are largely to blame for the obesity crunch, and suggested tighter regulations to contrary the trend.[79] In the United States, local governments are restricting fast food chains past limiting the number of restaurants plant in certain geographical areas.[fourscore]

To combat criticism, fast-food restaurants are starting to offering more than wellness-friendly bill of fare items.[81] In add-on to health critics, in that location are suggestions for the fast-food industry to go more than eco-friendly. The bondage have responded by "reducing packaging waste".[81]

Although trying to overcome criticism through healthy options on fast food menus, Marion Nestle, who serves as the chair of New York University'south Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, suggests that fast-food industries intentionally market place unhealthy foods to children through advertising options and therefore create customers for life.[82]

Despite and so much popularity, fast foods and fast-food bondage have adverse impacts not only on the task and social skills, but on the health and academic operation of students. L-six percentage of students consume fast food on a weekly basis.[83] The researcher who wrote Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser, highlights this fact, arguing that this is not merely a fiscal merely too a psychological allurement, in that the students are lured towards this early on employment opportunity knowing little that the fourth dimension spent on this no-skill-learning job is wasted.[84] Ii other researchers, Charles Hirschman and Irina Voloshin, highlight their dangerous impacts and consequences regarding the hiring and firing of teenage schoolhouse-goers in the fast-food industry.[85] Kelly Brownwell of The Atlantic Times has further supported this argument that Burger King and McDonald's adopted some other unsafe exercise for marketing to innocent children.[86]

In a inquiry written report conducted by Professors Purtell Kelly and Gershoff, they found that the students of fifth grades, who ate fast foods as compared to the students of the same age later some other social factors were controlled.[ clarification needed ] Also, the percentage of the students having consumed fast food and showed poor grades was around 11 pct more than than those who used organic foods. They are of the view that other social factors such as television watching, video games and playing were controlled to assess the real impacts of fast foods.[87]

There have been books and films, such every bit the 2004 flick Super Size Me, designed to highlight the potential negative health effects from the overconsumption of fast food such every bit its contribution to obesity.[88]

Run across also

  • Fast food in Mainland china
  • Fast Food Song
  • Food group
  • Junk food
  • List of fast food restaurant chains
  • List of pizza chains
  • List of restaurant terminology
  • Lists of foods
  • National Middle for Wellness Statistics
  • Panic Nation
  • Slow Food
  • Snack
  • Super Size Me
  • TV dinner
  • Western design diet

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Farther reading

  • Adams, Catherine (2007). "Reframing the Obesity Debate: McDonald's Role May Surprise You". Journal of Police force, Medicine and Ethics. 35 (i): 154–157. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00120.ten. PMID 17341224. S2CID 42933273.
  • Arndt, Michael. "McDonald's 24/7." Business organisation Week February iv, 2007
  • Food and Eating in Medieval Europe. Martha Carlin and Joel T. Rosenthal (editors). The Hambledon Press, London. 1998. ISBN i-85285-148-1
  • Hogan, David. Selling 'em past the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food. New York: New York University Press, 1997.
  • Kroc, Ray with Robert Anderson. Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's. St. Martin's Printing, 1992.
  • Levinstein, Harvey. Paradox of Plenty: a Social History of Eating in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California P, 2003. 228–229.
  • Luxenberg, Stan. Roadside Empires: How the Chains Franchised America. New York: Viking, 1985.
  • McGinley, Lou Ellen with Stephanie Spurr, Honk for Service: A Man, A Tray and the Glory Days of the Drive-In. St. Louis: Tray Days Publishing, 2004. For photos of the Parkmoor Restaurants see Drive-In Eating place Photos
  • Pollan, M. (2009). In Defense of Food: an Eater'south Manifesto. New York Urban center: Penguin
  • Schlosser, Eric, Fast Nutrient Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001
  • Schultz, Howard with Dori Jones Yang, Pour Your Eye Into It: How Starbucks Built a Company One Cup at a Fourth dimension, Hyperion, 1999
  • Warner, Melanie "Salads or No, Inexpensive Burgers Revive McDonald's." The New York Times April 19, 2006.

External links

beambetation.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_food

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